La trilogía del enfermerode práctica avanzada paramejorar la efectividaden las heridas crónicas en elDistrito Sanitario Almería / The trilogy of the advanced practice nurse to improve the effectiveness in chronic wounds in Almeria Health District

Objetivos: Analizar el concepto coste-efectividad sobre el registro de heridas, así como acerca del consumo de apósitos prescritos desde la aplicación informática Diraya tras la formación realizada en heridas durante el año 2022 por el enfermero de práctica avanzada en heridas crónicas complejas (EPA-HCC) en el Distrito Sanitario Almería (DSA). Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo desde el 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre del año 2022, analizando en 2 semestres los costes económicos en consumo de apósitos. Resultados: En el año 2022 se formaron un total de 604 enfermeras en heridas, de las cuales 579 fueron formadas por el EPA-HCC del DSA en el segundo semestre. Tras esta formación se realizó un total de 15.648 registros, por lo que en el registro se produjo un incremento del porcentaje del 18,08% durante el segundo semestre y se obtuvo un ahorro económico de 63.049 € (–24,73%) entre los años 2021 y 2022, mientras que la estimación durante el segundo semestre fue de –73.982 €. Conclusiones: La formación realizada por el EPA-HCC mejora los conocimientos de los profesionales, incrementa los registros y consigue una optimización de los recursos.(AU)

Objectives: To analyze the cost-effectiveness concept of wound registry, as well as the consumption of dressings prescribed from the Diraya computer application after the training carried out in wounds during the year 2022 by the advanced practice nurse in complex chronic wounds (EPA-HCC) in Distrito Sanitario Almería (DSA). Methodology: Retrospective descriptive study from January 1 to December 31, 2022, analyzing in two semesters the economic costs in dressing consumption. Results: A total of 604 wound nurses were trained in 2022, of which 579 were trained by the EPA-HCC of DSA in the second semester. After this training, a total of 15,648 registrations were made, resulting in a percentage increase in registration in the second semester of 18.08%, obtaining an economic saving of 63,049 € (–24.73%) obtained between the years 2021 and 2022, while the estimate saving in the second semester was –73,982 €. Conclusions: The training carried out by the EPA-HCC improves the knowledge of professionals, increases registrations and achieves an optimization of resources.(AU)

Protocolo de uso de los sistemas de velcros yuxtapuestos para el abordaje de úlceras venosas de piernas en el Servicio Andaluz de Salud / Protocol for the use of juxtaposed velcro systems to address venous leg ulcers in the Andalusian Health Service

Objetivos: El objetivo principal de este estudio es elaborar un protocolo de indicación de los sistemas de velcros yuxtapuestos para el abordaje de la úlcera venosa de pierna en el Servicio Andaluz de Salud. Para su consecución se llevó a cabo un análisis de coste-efectividad de los diferentes sistemas de vendas existentes como productos sanitarios para el tratamiento de úlceras de etiología venosa, donde se evaluó los sistemas de velcros yuxtapuestos para su incorporación e inclusión en la plataforma logística del sistema sanitario público andaluz. Para su consecución, se llevó a cabo un análisis de la evidencia disponibles sobre los del sistema de velcros yuxtapuestos en pacientes con úlceras venosas de piernas. Y finalmente se desarrollaron los criterios de autorización en el uso de los sistemas de velcros yuxtapuestos por parte de los profesionales sanitarios del sistema sanitario público andaluz. Resultados: El sistema de vendas de velcros yuxtapuestos está avalado por la evidencia científica para su empleo en úlceras venosas en miembro inferior, así como para el tratamiento para la prevención de las recidivas. Asimismo, en este artículo se compara el sistema de vendas de velcros yuxtapuestos con otros sistemas de vendas instaurados, y muestra ser un producto sanitario coste-efectivo. Discusión: El sistema de vendaje de velcros yuxtapuestos proporciona una autonomía y una mejora de la calidad de vida a los pacientes con dificultades para usar una media o que no tengan posibilidad de que un profesional sanitario realice los cambios de vendaje. Es un sistema coste-efectivo para el tratamiento de las úlceras venosas de pierna.(AU)

Objectives: The main objective of this study is to develop a protocol for the indication of juxtaposed velcro systems for the approach to UVP in the Andalusian Health Service. To achieve this, a cost-effectiveness analysis of the different bandage systems existing as sanitary products for the treatment of ulcers of venous etiology was carried out, where the juxtaposed velcro systems were evaluated for their incorporation and inclusion in the logistics platform of the Andalusian public health system (SSPA). To achieve this, an analysis of the available evidence on the juxtaposed velcro system in patients with UVP was carried out. And finally, the authorization criteria for the use of juxtaposed velcro systems by health professionals of the SSPA were developed. Results: The juxtaposed velcro bandage system is supported by scientific evidence for its use in venous ulcers in the lower limb, as well as for treatment to prevent recurrences. Likewise, in this article it is compared with other established bandage systems, showing it to be a cost-effective health product. Discussion: The juxtaposed velcro bandage system provides autonomy and an improvement in the quality of life for those patients with difficulties in wearing a stocking or who do not have the possibility of a healthcare professional making bandage changes. Being a cost-effective system for the treatment of venous leg ulcers.(AU)

Efficacy of gel containing organic extra virgin olive oil for peristomal skin hygiene: A pilot randomised controlled trial.

AIM: To assess the efficacy and safety of the application, during stoma hygiene, of a pH-neutral gel containing organic EVOO (oEVOO) for the maintenance of peristomal skin integrity. METHOD: Patients with a colostomy or ileostomy were enrolled in a pilot randomized controlled trial and assigned treatment with a pH-neutral gel made from natural products including oEVOO or usual stoma hygiene gel. The primary outcome was three domains of abnormal peristomal skin: Discolouration, Erosion and Tissue overgrowth. Secondary outcomes that were evaluated included skin moisture; oiliness; skin elasticity; water-oil balance; patients' perceptions; difficulty inserting and removing the pouching system; pain, any other chemical, infectious, mechanical, or immunological complications of concern. The intervention lasted 8 weeks. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients were recruited for the trial and randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n = 12) or the control group (n = 9). The groups did not differ significantly in terms of patient characteristics. No significant differences between groups were identified either at baseline (p = 0.203) or at the end of the intervention (p = 0.397). In the experimental group, domains of abnormal peristomal skin improved after the intervention. The difference observed before and after the intervention was statistically significant (p = 0.031). CONCLUSION: The use of a gel containing oEVOO has shown similar levels of efficacy and safety to other gels commonly used for peristomal skin hygiene. It is also relevant to highlight that a significant improvement in skin condition was observed in the experimental group before and after the intervention.

Desgarros cutáneos: su incorporación al marco conceptual de las lesiones cutáneas relacionadas con la dependencia / Skin tears: their incorporation into the conceptual framework of dependency-related skin injuries

Los desgarros cutáneos son lesiones prevalentes en adultos mayores y están fuertemente relacionados con la presencia de dermatoporosis. Se trata de lesiones poco conocidas, infradiagnosticadas y mal abordadas a las que se les ha restado importancia a lo largo de los años. Recientemente, el GNEAUPP ha considerado incluirlos en el marco conceptual de las lesiones cutáneas relacionadas con la dependencia, dado el cumplimiento de esa vulnerabilidad y la necesidad de cuidados de los pacientes que pueden o están en riesgo de padecerlos. Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente crónica compleja con dermatoporosis que sufre un desgarro cutáneo. Se detalla el mecanismo de producción, características clínicas y categorización de esta lesión, así como las medidas basadas en la evidencia actual adaptadas a la situación de la paciente. Con ello se pretende destacar la importancia del cuidado de la piel y el conocimiento, prevención y abordaje de estas lesiones por parte de los profesionales sanitarios (AU)

Skin tears are prevalent lesions in older adults, strongly related to the presence of dermatoporosis. These are little-known, underdiagnosed and poorly managed injuries that have been played down over the years. The GNEAUPP has recently considered including them in the conceptual framework of dependence-related skin lesions, given the fulfillment of that vulnerability and need for care of patients who may or are at risk of suffering from them. We present a clinical case of a complex chronic patient with dermatoporosis who suffered a skin tear. The mechanism of production, clinical characteristics and categorization of this lesion are detailed, as well as the measures based on current evidence adapted to the patient’s situation. This article pretend to highlight the importance of skin care and knowledge, prevention and management to these injuries by health professionals (AU)

Skin injuries associated with severe life-threatening situations: A new conceptual framework.

PURPOSE: To create a conceptual framework for skin injuries developing in patients whose lives are severely compromised or who are expected to die within a short period of time. To name and classify these types of skin injuries. To describe the clinical features of the different types of skin injuries that may occur in terminally ill and/or dying patients. DESIGN: A sequential design with several different phases (a literature review, a nominal group, and a consensus conference) was used. METHODS: Six experts with extensive knowledge of these types of injuries were selected for the nominal group. The traditional eight-phase nominal group technique was followed. The consensus conference consisted of participants voting on different options based on the statements elaborated with the expert panel summarizing the best scientific evidence available. FINDINGS: Using all these elements, a conceptual framework was constructed to identify skin injuries associated with severe life-threatening situations (SI-SLTSs), defined as unpredictable and therefore unpreventable injuries indicating a serious threat to life or even imminent death. These injuries can occur in two forms: (a) as skin injuries associated with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (SI-MODSs) or (b) as skin injuries associated with severe vasoconstriction (SI-ESVs). SI-MODSs develop very quickly and suddenly. They progress from superficial to deep stages abruptly, even within hours. The severity of the injuries does not reflect the care provided to the patient. Individuals suffering from these injuries have an irreversible clinical condition. SI-ESVs also appear in individuals who are in a very critical, even terminal, clinical condition. They are frequently treated in the ICU and may exhibit severe vasoconstriction due to their disease process (e.g., shock), sometimes exacerbated by vasoconstriction caused by various drugs (e.g., noradrenaline). CONCLUSIONS: We have developed a conceptual framework for skin injuries developing in patients whose lives are severely compromised or who are expected to die within a short period of time and have named them SI-SLTSs, distinguishing between SI-MODSs and SI-ESVs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This new conceptual framework may help clinicians understand the mechanisms and the pathophysiology of skin injuries that develop in terminally ill and/or dying patients associated with multi-organ failure. Through this new framework these injuries can be identified and differentiated from pressure injuries or other dependence-related skin lesions.

Calidad de vida y cicatrización en los pacientes con úlceras de pie diabético en el ámbito latinoamericano / Healing and quality of life and healing in patients with diabetic foot ulcers in the Latin American area

Introducción: Las úlceras del pie diabético (UPD) son una complicación común de la diabetes, y no solo un importante factor de mortalidad, e influyen negativamente en la calidad de vida de las personas con diabetes. Objetivos: Establecer la relación entre la evolución de la cicatrización de las UPD mediante la escala RESVECH 2.0 y la calidad de vida de los pacientes con UPD a partir de la escala Diabetic Foot Ulcer Scale (DFS-SF) en distintos centros de salud de países latinoamericanos. Metodología: Estudio observacional prospectivo longitudinal de medidas repetidas de una cohorte de pacientes con UPD. Se analizó el impacto que las UPD y su tratamiento producen sobre la calidad de vida relacionada a la salud (CVRS) mediante la escala DFS-SF y la relación entre la cicatrización (escala RESVECH 2.0) en el contexto latinoamericano (Argentina, México, Perú, Uruguay). Resultados: La puntuación global para los distintos momentos del estudio mostró un incremento en la CVRS desde el inicio hasta las 8 semanas. Las variables que más influyeron fueron: el tipo de país, las características del cuidador y el tratamiento de la diabetes en los distintos momentos del estudio. En cuanto a la CVRS y el proceso de cicatrización, los resultados muestran que existe correlación entre ambas variables (p < 0,0001) en los tres periodos del estudio. Conclusiones: Existe asociación entre la CVRS de los pacientes con UPD, según el tipo de país, el nivel de estudios y el tratamiento de la diabetes en los tres momentos del estudio. El tipo de movilidad física, las características del cuidador y la presencia de amputación son los factores que más influyeron en la cicatrización de los pacientes con UPD. La mejora en la cicatrización influye en la calidad de vida de los pacientes con UPD (AU)

Introduction: Diabetic foot ulcers (UPD, in spanish) are a common complication of diabetes, and not just a major mortality factor, and negatively influence the quality of life of people with diabetes. Objectives: To establish the relationship between the evolution of UPD healing using the RESVECH 2.0 scale and the quality of life of patients with UPD from the Diabetic Foot Ulcer Scale DFS-SF in different health centers in Latin American countries. methodology: Longitudinal prospective observational study of repeated measures of a cohort of patients with UPD. The impact that UPDs and their treatment produce on health-related quality of life (CVRS, in spanish) was analyzed using the DFS-SF Scale and the relationship between healing (Resvech 2.0 scale) in the Latin American context (Argentina, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay). Results: The global score for the different moments of the study showed an increase in CVRS from baseline to 8 weeks. The variables that most influenced were: the type of country, the characteristics of the caregiver and the treatment of diabetes at the different moments of the study. Regarding CVRS and the healing process, the results show that there is a correlation between both variables p <0.0001 in the three periods of the study. Conclusions: There is an association between CVRS of patients with UPD, according to the type of country, the level of education and the treatment of diabetes in the three moments of the study. The type of physical mobility, the characteristics caregiver and the presence of amputation are the factors that most influenced the healing of patients with UPD. The improvement in Scarring influences the quality of life of patients with UPD (AU)

Conceptual Framework for Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis Based on Scoping Review and Expert Consensus Process.

Incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) has been studied over the last decades, but gaps in the knowledge related to its identification, etiological agents, and risk factors remain. We carried out a scoping review about IAD that included systematic reviews, experimental, and observational studies about IAD and its potential risk factors. We retrieved 24 articles that described 100 potential risk factors and which were synthesized by the authors and proposed to a panel of experts. Panelists used a structured process of consensus development to create a conceptual framework of factors associated with IAD. This framework proposes that liquid fecal material, when combined with exposure to urine and stool, and bacterial contaminated urine are etiological factors for development of IAD. The framework also proposes 2 pathophysiological mechanisms and 8 main risk factors for IAD development. The proposed model could improve the quality of care for patients with or at risk of IAD, assisting healthcare professionals to identify at-risk patients, diagnose the type of lesion, and establish adequate and effective prevention and treatment measures.

Kennedy terminal ulcer and other skin wounds at the end of life: An integrative review.

AIMS: To undertake an integrative literature review to identify, analyse and synthesize current literature on the Kennedy terminal ulcer (KTU) and other unavoidable skin injuries that appear at the end of life regardless of the healthcare context in which they occur. METHODS: Integrative review following the Whittemore and Knafl methodology. The search was carried out in PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Scopus. It was limited to articles in English, French, Portuguese and Spanish. As there is little scientific production on the subject, no restrictions were applied regarding publication date. RESULTS: Only 17 articles met the inclusion criteria. These articles were reviewed and analysed. Four relevant issues emerged: Skin failure, SCALE, Kennedy Terminal Ulcer, Trombley-Brennan: different names for the same problem; the defining characteristics and physiopathology of KTU; the differences between KTU and other injuries; and the care approach for KTU and other unavoidable injuries at the end of life. CONCLUSIONS: We identified gaps regarding the physiopathology of KTU since the current knowledge is based only on hypotheses. There is also a large gap in the knowledge about care approaches, perhaps because care plans are not recorded. Despite this, it is clear that the main objective in this situation at the end of life would be to prioritize patient comfort and quality of life.

Uso de antisépticos y antibióticos en el manejo de la carga bacteriana de heridas crónicas / Use of antiseptics and antibiotics in the management of the bacterial load of chronic wounds

OBJETIVO: El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar la eficacia de diferentes apósitos antisépticos y antibióticos locales tópicos en heridas crónicas infectadas o con signos de colonización crítica. METODOLOGÍA: Para la elaboración de esta revisión exploratoria se han empleado varias bases de datos (PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Cuiden, Cochrane y LILACS), utilizando cadenas de búsqueda adaptadas a cada base. Se han incluido diferentes tipos de estudios originales y revisiones sobre la cicatrización, la curación completa y/o el coste-beneficio, realizando una estimación de los costes de los tratamientos según la disponibilidad de datos. Se han excluido estudios sobre quemaduras, literatura gris, casos clínicos o series de casos. RESULTADOS: Se han seleccionado 20 artículos, de los cuales 17 son estudios originales y 3 son revisiones; 19 artículos tratan sobre apósitos antisépticos y 3 sobre antibióticos locales tópicos utilizados en heridas crónicas infectadas o con signos de colonización crítica, obteniéndose datos sobre el efecto que producen en la cicatrización, la curación completa y/o el coste-beneficio. Todos los productos hallados tienen buenos resultados, aunque el más utilizado y eficaz en estas heridas es la plata. CONCLUSIONES: La plata es el producto más eficaz para la curación completa o la disminución del tamaño; resulta muy rentable, ya que los costes de los tratamientos con plata son menores y se obtienen mayores beneficios para el paciente. El cloruro de diaquilcarbamilo es una buena alternativa, debido a que es un producto muy eficaz y rentable

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review is to analyze the efficacy of different antiseptic dressings and local topical antibiotics in infected chronic wounds or with signs of critical colonization. METHODOLOGY: For the elaboration of this exploratory review several databases have been used (PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Cuiden, Cochrane and LILACS), using search chains adapted to each base. Different types of original studies and reviews on healing, complete healing and/or cost-benefit have been included, making an estimate of the costs of the treatments according to the availability of data. Studies on burns, gray literature, clinical cases or cases series have been excluded. RESULTS: 20 articles have been included, of which 17 are original studies and 3 are reviews, obtaining that 19 articles treat on antiseptic dressings and 3 on local topical antibiotics used in infected chronic wounds or with signs of critical colonization, obtaining data on the effect that they produce in healing, complete healing and/or cost-benefit. All the products found have good results, although the most used and effective in these wounds is silver. CONCLUSIONS: Silver is the most effective product for the complete healing or reducing size, being very profitable, since the costs of silver treatments are lower, obtaining greater benefits for the patient. The dialkylcarbamoyl chloride is a good alternative, because it is a very effective and profitable product

Relación entre calidad de vida y proceso de cicatrización en heridas crónicas complicadas / Relationship between life quality and cicatrization process in complicated chronicle wounds

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las heridas crónicas afectan a la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) de las personas que las padecen, especialmente cuando son lesiones de difícil cicatrización, que se alargan en el proceso de curación. OBJETIVO: Determinar la CVRS de los pacientes con heridas crónicas y analizar cómo la evolución clínica de la herida influye en las distintas dimensiones de la CVRS, mediante la aplicación del instrumento Cardiff Wound Impact Schedule (CWIS). METODOLOGÍA: Estudio observacional de medidas repetidas de una cohorte de pacientes con heridas crónicas complicadas. Se analizó la situación basal de la CVRS mediante el CWIS y se buscó la relación existente entre la cicatrización de la lesión medida por RESVESH 2.0 y la CVRS medida por la puntuación CWIS. El estudio se desarrolló en la Unidad de Heridas Complicadas (de Atención Primaria de Gran Canaria y del Hospital Dr Negrín). Se incluyó a pacientes con heridas de etiología diversa que reunían las características que las definían como crónico/complejas. Se excluyeron heridas agudas, personas que no tenían capacidad para otorgar su consentimiento o no entendían el idioma castellano. El tamaño se fijó en 65 pacientes, que fueron seleccionados mediante un muestreo accidental o de conveniencia desde la fecha de inicio del estudio hasta completar el tamaño muestral. RESULTADOS: Al inicio del estudio, la calidad de vida medida mediante CWIS está por debajo del 50% de la puntuación máxima (113 sobre 245), es decir tienen una calidad de vida baja, que mejora notablemente conforme lo hace la lesión de los pacientes y que al final del estudio llega al 78%. También se analizaron las correlaciones entre inicio y mes de inicio y final, segmentando la muestra por las diferentes variables, sexo, cicatrización completa o no, tipo de lesión, lesión recidivante o forma de convivencia, y en ningún caso se hallaron relaciones estadísticamente significativas (p> 0,05 en todos los casos) y solo existió una correlación entre la mejora de la lesión al mes medida por RESVECH y la subescala calidad de vida global; el resto no tuvo significación estadística. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados mostraron que las heridas crónicas habían comprometido la calidad de vida, y el dominio de "bienestar" era el más afectado, especialmente cuando se asociaba con factores clínicos. Entre las condiciones clínicas asociadas con peor calidad de vida, se destacó la duración, el tipo de herida, la profundidad, el aspecto, exudado, olor y el dolor. Al inicio del estudio, cuando las lesiones no habían recibido un tratamiento óptimo, se halló que la calidad de vida de los pacientes fue baja, pero mejoró notablemente al final trabajo

INTRODUCTION: Chronic wounds affect the health-related quality of life (HRQL) of people who suffer them, especially when these are difficult-to-heal injuries, which lengthen in the healing process. AIMS: Determine the HRQL of patients with chronic wounds and analyze how the clinical evolution of the wound influences the different dimensions of HRQL, by applying the Cardiff Wound Impact Schedule (CWIS) instrument. METHODOLOGY: Observational repeated measures study of a cohort of patients with complicated chronic wounds (HCC). The baseline situation of HRQL was analyzed using the CWIS and the existing relationship of lesion healing measured by RESVESH 2.0 and HRQL measured by the CWIS score were searched. The study was carried out in the Complicated Wounds Unit (Primary Care of Gran Canaria and Hospital Dr Negrin). Patients with wounds of diverse etiology that met the characteristics that defined them as chronic / complex were included. Acute injuries were excluded for people who did not have the capacity to give their consent or who did not understand the Spanish language. The size has been set at 65 patients who were selected by accidental or convenience sampling from the start date of the study to complete the sample size. RESULTS: At the start of the study, the quality of life measured by CWIS is below 50% of the maximum score (113 out of 245), that is, they have a low quality of life, improving significantly as the injury of the patients improves and that at the end of the study reaches 78%. The correlations between start and month and start and end were also analyzed, segmenting the sample by the different variables, sex, complete healing or non-type of injury, recurrent injury or type of coexistence, and in no case were statistically significant relationships found (p> 0.05 in all cases) and there was only a correlation between improvement of the lesion per month as measured by RESVECH and global quality of life subscale, the rest did not have statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that chronic wounds had compromised quality of life and the "well-being" domain was the most affected, especially when it was associated with clinical factors and among the clinical conditions associated with poorer quality of life, duration, wound type, depth, exudate, odor, and pain. At the start of the study, when the lesions had not received optimal treatment, it was found that the quality of life of the patients was low, improving markedly at the end of the work

Resultados clinicos de las enfermeras de practica avanzada en heridas cronicas complejas en Andalucia / Clinical results of the nurses of advanced practice in complex chronic wounds in Andalucia

OBJETIVO: Describir y analizar el rol clínico de la enfermera de práctica avanzada en heridas crónicas complejas (EPA-HCC) en Andalucía, en cuanto al seguimiento de pacientes con heridas crónicas. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo transversal en los distritos Poniente de Almería, del A. G. C. Jaén Norte-Nordeste, A. G. S. Serranía de Málaga y Distrito Metropolitano de Granada entre junio del 2015 y junio del 2018, midiendo variables descriptivas como: diagnóstico etiológico de las heridas crónicas, tiempo de evolución antes de ser remitidos a EPA-HCC, tasas de cicatrización, mejoría, empeoramiento, total de heridas crónicas, tasas de derivación desde EPA-HCC a hospitales. RESULTADOS: Se realizó seguimiento de un total de 767 personas con heridas crónicas, donde el 70% de todas ellas fueron úlceras por presión, úlceras venosas y lesiones de pie diabético, con una media de evolución de todas las lesiones de 21 meses y cuya derivación por parte de las EPA-HCC hacia los especialistas hospitalarios fue del 13,82%, siendo más del 86,18% (n = 661) de los pacientes gestionados de forma eficaz por las EPA-HCC. La derivación directa de los pacientes a consulta de especialistas médicos desde la implantación de la figura fue tan solo del 5%, con el importante ahorro en coste que esto supuso; además, las EPA-HCC atendieron a casi una de cada 4 heridas crónicas, datos estos que solo hicieron referencia a la atención directa, no de consultoría. CONCLUSIONES: El rol clínico y coordinación que desempeñaron las EPA-HCC en los pacientes con heridas crónicas es efectiva en la mejora de los cuidados

OBJECTIVE: To describe and to analyze the clinical role performed by the advanced practice nurse in complex chronic wounds (APN-CCW) in Andalusia, regarding the follow-up of patients with chronic wounds. METHODS: Cross-sectional descriptive study in the Poniente of Almería Districts, of the H. M. A. Jaén North-Northeast, H. M. A. Serranía de Málaga and the Metropolitan District of Granada between June 2015 and June 2018, measuring descriptive variables such as: etiological diagnosis of chronic wounds, evolution time before referring to APN-CCW, healing, improvement, worsening and deaths rates, total of chronic wounds, referral rates from APN-CCW to hospitals. RESULTS: A total of 767 people with chronic wounds were followed up, and 70% of all of them were pressure ulcers, venous ulcers and diabetic feet, with an average of 21 months- evolution of all injuries and whose derivation from APN-CCW to hospital specialists was 13.82%, with more than a 86.18% (n=661) of patients effectively managed by APN-CCW. The direct derivation of patients to the medical specialists office since the implementation of the figure was only 5%, with the significant cost savings that this supposed, besides, the APN-CCW attended almost one in every 4 chronic wounds, no consulting. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical role and coordination of the APN-CCW in patients with chronic wounds is effective in improving care

The Effectiveness of Advanced Practice Nurses with Respect to Complex Chronic Wounds in the Management of Venous Ulcers.

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of advanced practice nurses with respect to complex chronic wounds (APN-CCWs) in the care of patients with venous ulcers. A multicentric, quasi-experimental pre-post study was conducted without a control group in the sanitary management areas where the APN-CCW program is being piloted. The intervention consisted of a mass training of clinical nurses from the participating districts on the proper management of injuries and the use of compression therapy. The data were collected through a specifically constructed questionnaire with questions regarding descriptive variables of injuries and their treatment. A total of 643 professionals responded (response rate of 89.1%), attending to a total population of 707,814 inhabitants. An increase in multilayer bandage use by 15.67%, an increase in elastic bandage use by 13.24%, and a significant decrease in the referral of patients to consultation with hospital specialists was achieved, from 21.08% to 12.34%. The number of patients referred to the APNs was 13.25%, which implied a resolution rate of 94.08% of their injuries. In conclusion, the coordination by the APN-CCWs in patients with venous ulcers was effective in improving the continuity of care, in the optimization of resources, and in their care role.

La enfermera de práctica avanzada en la adecuación de los tratamientos de las heridas crónicas complejas / The advanced practice nurse in the adequacy of chronic, complex wound care

Objetivo: Determinar el impacto de las enfermeras de práctica avanzada en heridas crónicas complejas (EPA-HCC) en la adecuación de los tratamientos de los pacientes con heridas crónicas y el consumo de apósitos en los distritos donde están implantadas. Método: Estudio de tipo cuasiexperimental de tipo pre-post sin grupo control con 3mediciones: preimplantación en 2015, al año de implantación en 2016 y a los 2 años postimplantación en 2017, en los distritos sanitarios donde se estaba pilotando la EPA-HCC en Andalucía. Las variables principales son: número de profesionales formados, número de consultorías, prevalencia de heridas crónicas, adecuación de los tratamientos y coste económico en materiales para cura de los DS participantes. Resultados: Se ha conseguido la formación de un total de 2.717 profesionales sanitarios con un total de 95.095 h lectivas; además, se han realizado un total de 3.871 consultorías y asesorías. La prevalencia de pacientes con lesiones en programa de atención domiciliaria y en residencias ha disminuido a la mitad. La adecuación de los tratamientos ha aumentado hasta el 90% y se ha conseguido un ahorro de más de 250.000 Euros en apósitos, en un período de 2años. Conclusión: La prevalencia de heridas crónicas durante los 2 años de implantación ha disminuido a la mitad, se ha conseguido una correcta adecuación del plan de formación y consultoría, consiguiendo racionalizar el gasto sanitario y una eficiente atención a las personas con heridas crónicas

Aim: To determine the impact of advanced practice nurses in chronic wound care in the adequacy of treatments for patients with chronic wounds and the consumption of dressings in the districts where they have been implemented. Method: A quasi-experimental pre-poststudy without a control group with 3 measurements: pre-implementation in 2015, one year after implementation in 2016, and 2 years post-implementation in 2017, in the health districts (HD) where the role of the advanced practice nurse in chronic wound care was piloted in Andalusia. The main variables were trained professionals, consultancies, prevalence of chronic wounds, adequacy of treatments and economic cost in materials for the participating HD. Results: The training of a total of 2,717 health teams with a total of 95,095 teaching hours was achieved. In addition, a total of 3,871 consultancies were performed. The prevalence of patients with injuries in the home care (HC) programme and in care homes diminished significantly, to almost half. The adequacy of the treatments increased to 90% and savings of more than 250,000 Euros in dressings were achieved in just 2 years. Conclusion: The prevalence of chronic wounds during the 2years of implementation decreased by almost half. Adequacy of training and consultancy was achieved, rationalising health expenditure and ensuring efficient care for patients with chronic wounds

The advanced practice nurse in the adequacy of chronic, complex wound care. / La enfermera de práctica avanzada en la adecuación de los tratamientos de las heridas crónicas complejas.

AIM: To determine the impact of advanced practice nurses in chronic wound care in the adequacy of treatments for patients with chronic wounds and the consumption of dressings in the districts where they have been implemented. METHOD: A quasi-experimental pre-poststudy without a control group with 3measurements: pre-implementation in 2015, one year after implementation in 2016, and 2years post-implementation in 2017, in the health districts (HD) where the role of the advanced practice nurse in chronic wound care was piloted in Andalusia. The main variables were trained professionals, consultancies, prevalence of chronic wounds, adequacy of treatments and economic cost in materials for the participating HD. RESULTS: The training of a total of 2,717 health teams with a total of 95,095 teaching hours was achieved. In addition, a total of 3,871 consultancies were performed. The prevalence of patients with injuries in the home care (HC) programme and in care homes diminished significantly, to almost half. The adequacy of the treatments increased to 90% and savings of more than 250,000€ in dressings were achieved in just 2years. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of chronic wounds during the 2years of implementation decreased by almost half. Adequacy of training and consultancy was achieved, rationalising health expenditure and ensuring efficient care for patients with chronic wounds.

Efectividad de la enfermera de práctica avanzada en el cuidado de los pacientes con úlceras por presión en atención primaria / Effectiveness of the advanced practice nurse in the care of patients with pressure ulcers in primary care

Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de la EPA-HCC en el cuidado de los pacientes con úlceras por presión. Métodos: Se realiza un estudio de tipo cuasi experimental, multicéntrico, con dos mediciones sin grupo control, en cuanto a las medidas preventivas y tratamientos aplicados a pacientes con úlceras por presión (UPP) en los distritos o áreas de gestión sanitaria donde se está pilotando la EPA-HCC: Distrito Sanitario Poniente, Área de Gestión Sanitaria Jaén Norte-Nordeste y Área de Gestión Sanitaria Serranía de Ronda, entre septiembre 2015 y octubre 2016. Se utilizó un documento autoadministrado ad-hoc para todas las enfermeras que tenían pacientes a su cargo, y se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los mismos. Resultados: Respondieron un total de 335 profesionales en 2015 y 308 en 2016 (tasa de respuesta del 89,1%); los tres distritos atienden a una población total de 707.814 habitantes. En cuanto a las medidas preventivas del uso de sistemas especiales para el manejo de la presión (SEMP), se ha producido un incremento de un 6% en su uso de un año a otro, un descenso de un 4% del total de UPP, un descenso en el consumo de apósitos de hidrofibra con plata casi del 50% y un descenso de la escala RESVECH en un 52% del primer año al segundo. Conclusiones: Se constata una mejora en la optimización de los recursos, en las medidas preventivas puestas en marcha para conseguir los objetivos marcados y se crea la necesidad de seguir formando en tratamientos locales y tipos de desbridamientos a realizar

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of EPA-HCC in the care of patients with pressure ulcers. Methods: A multi-center quasiexperimental study with two measurements without a control group was carried out, in terms of preventive measures and treatments applied to patients with UPP in the Districts or Sanitary Management Areas where the EPA-HCC is being piloted: District Sanitario Poniente, Jaén North-Northeast Health Management Area, Serrania de Ronda Sanitary Management Area, between September 2015 and October 2016. A self-administered ad-hoc document was used for all the nurses who had patients under their care, performing a descriptive analysis thereof. Results: A total of 335 professionals responded in 2015 and 308 in 2016 (response rate of 89.1%), attending the three districts to a total population of 707,814 inhabitants. Regarding the preventive measures of the use of Special Systems for the Management of the Pressure (SEMP) there has been an increase of 6% its use from one year to another, a decrease of 4% the total of UPP, a decrease in the consumption of hydrofiber dressings with silver almost 50% and with a decrease of RESVECH in 52% of the first year to the second. Conclusions: There is an improvement in the optimization of resources, in the preventive measures put in place to achieve the objectives set and the need to continue training in local treatments and types of debridement to be created

SECLARED, una nueva herramienta de aprendizaje virtual para mejorar las habilidades de identificación y clasificación de las lesiones relacionadas con la dependencia / Seclared, a new virtual learning tool to improve the skills of identification and classification of dependence-related lesion

SECLARED es una plataforma virtual creada para mejorar las habilidades en la identificación y clasificación de las lesiones relacionadas con la dependencia (úlceras por presión, lesiones por hume-dad, lesiones por fricción, lesiones combinadas, presión-humedad, presión-fricción y humedad-fricción y lesiones multicausales), un espacio basado en el nuevo marco teórico propuesto por García Fernández en 2011. Este proyecto disponible, gratuito y reutilizable para cualquier persona interesada proviene del Grupo Nacional para el Estudio y Asesoramiento en Úlceras por Presión y Heridas Crónicas (GNEAUPP) y la Fundación para la Investigación y el Estudio de las Heridas Crónicas "Sergio Juan Jordán". SECLARED se estructura en temas y contenidos, donde se abordan una introducción y definición de la lesión, las características identificativas de la misma, su categorización, su localización y sus tipos, si los tiene. Estos contenidos se complementan con otros recursos, sobre todo imágenes de lesiones relacionadas con la dependencia para identificar y clasificar a modo de entrenamiento. Su presentación a la comunidad científica fue en mayo de 2016 el XI Simposio Nacional sobre Úlceras por Presión y Heridas Crónicas y el IX Congreso Iberolatinoamericano sobre Úlceras y Heridas y se puso en marcha en junio de ese mismo año. En los primeros seis meses se registraron 3925 personas. Actualmente la cifra de usuarios supera los 5500 y no solo son enfermeras, también auxilia-res de enfermería, trabajadores sociales, farmacéuticos, podólogos y otros profesionales de la salud de más de 15 países

SECLARED is a virtual platform created to improve the skills in the identification and classification of dependence-Related Lesions (pressure ulcers, moisture lesions, friction lesions, combined and multifactorial lesions) and is based on the new theoretical model proposed by Dr. Francisco Pedro García Fernández in 2011. This project is available, free and reusable for any interested professional and it has been devised by the Spanish Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (GNEAUPP) and the Fundation for Research in Wound Cronic "Sergio Juan Jordán". SECLARED is structured in topics and contents, which include: an introduction and definition of lesion, identifying characteristics, categorization, location and its types. These contents are complemented with other resources, especially, images of Dependence-Related Lesions to identify and classify as a training. His presentation to the scientific com-munity was in May 2016 in the XI National Symposium on Pressure Ulcers and Chronic Wounds and the IX IbericLatin American Congress on Ulcers and Wounds and was launched in June of that same year. In the first 6 months, 3925 people registered. Currently, the number of users exceeds 5500 and not only are nurses, also nursing assistants, social workers, pharmacists, podiatrists and others, from more than 15 countries

Cicatrización de úlceras venosas complejas mediante el control del estrés oxidativo / Healing of complex venous ulcers through oxidative stress management: case series

El exceso de radicales libres en el entorno de una herida contribuye de forma significativa al estancamiento de la misma en la fase inflamatoria, favoreciendo la aparición de una herida de difícil cicatrización. Se genera una situación de estrés oxidativo, puesto que las enfermedades de base que suelen presentar los pacientes con heridas crónicas dificultan en gran medida el retorno a una situación de balance oxidativo. Esto incide directamente sobre la capacidad de respuesta del tejido, ya que se afectan directamente estructuras celulares y la matriz extracelular del entorno. En este trabajo se ha aplicado un tratamiento antioxidante para el control del exceso de radicales libres en el entorno de la herida, con el fin de conseguir la activación en el caso de úlceras crónicas de etiología vascular venosa. Para ello, se ha aplicado un apósito antioxidante con componentes de origen natural, una matriz absorbente de algarrobo y una solución antioxidante con cúrcuma y acetilcisteína, indicado para la fase inflamatoria de las heridas y la adecuada terapia compresiva. Para la evaluación de la evolución de las úlceras se utilizó la escala RESVECH 2.0. Transcurridas 2-3 semanas, el apósito antioxidante consiguió la activación de la herida, lo que se reflejó en el mantenimiento del lecho de la úlceras libre de tejido desvitalizado, la inducción de la formación de tejido de granulación y la activación de los bordes perilesionales. A partir de ese momento, se aplicaron apósitos de cura húmeda convencionales, llegando hasta la cicatrización total de las heridas en las semanas 5-6 desde el inicio del tratamiento

The excess of free radicals in the wound environment significantly contributes to the arrest of the wound in the inflammatory phase, favoring the appearance of a hard-to-heal wound. An oxidative stress condition is generated, as the comorbidities that patients with chronic wounds frequently present hinder the return to an oxidative balance. This fact affects the ability of the tissue to respond to an injury, since cellular structures and extracellular matrix of the environment are affected. In this work, an antioxidant treatment has been applied, to control the excess of free radicals in the wound environment, in order to achieve the activation of chronic ulcers from venous vascular etiology. This antioxidant dressing has two components from natural origin, an absorbent matrix from carob tree and an antioxidant solution containing curcumin and acetylcysteine, and is indicated for the inflammatory phase of the healing process of wounds. The appropriate compressive therapy was also applied. RESVECH 2.0 scale was used as wound evolution assessment. The results showed that after 2-3 weeks of treatment, the antioxidant dressing achieved the activation of the wound, which was reflected in the maintenance of a wound bed free from devitalized tissue, the induction of the formation of granulation tissue and the activation of the perilesional edges. After that, conventional moist wound healing dressings were applied, reaching wound closure after 5-6 weeks from the beginning of the treatment

Dermatitis asociada a la incontinencia.: Estado actual del conocimiento / Incontinence-associated dermatitis. Current state of knowledge

La dermatitis asociada a la incontinencia (DAI) es un tipo de dermatitis de contacto irritante, que se observa frecuentemente en pacientes con incontinencia fecal o urinaria. Se manifiesta como una inflamación de la superficie de la piel caracterizada por eritema, y en ocasiones erosión cutánea. Es una condición prevalente y clínicamente relevante, con serias repercusiones sobre el estado de salud y la calidad de vida del paciente. Su etiología es compleja y multifactorial y sus complicaciones implican la infección cutánea y la aparición de otras lesiones añadidas. Es fundamental la correcta diferenciación entre las DAI y otras lesiones cutáneas similares como paso principal para su prevención y tratamiento, y el uso de instrumentos validados para su valoración, seguimiento y monitorización. La ausencia de estudios bien planteados hace que las recomendaciones para el abordaje de la DAI se apoyen en la opinión de expertos y las mejores prácticas disponibles. Las bases de la prevención y tratamiento de la DAI son el abordaje de la incontinencia y la aplicación de un programa o protocolo estructurado de cuidados de la piel que incluya la limpieza suave, la aplicación de productos barrera y el uso de agentes tópicos hidratantes. El presente artículo intenta recoger el estado actual del conocimiento sobre los aspectos fundamentales de la DAI y su implicación para la práctica enfermera

Incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) is a type of irritant contact dermatitis, which is frequently observed in patients with fecal and/or urinary incontinence. It manifests as an inflammation of the surface of the skin characterized by erythema, and occasionally skin erosion. It is a prevalent and clinically relevant condition, with serious repercussions on the patient's state of health and quality of life. Its etiology is complex and multifactorial and its complications involve cutaneous infection and the appearance of other lesions added. The correct differentiation between IAD and other similar skin lesions is fundamental as the main step for their prevention and treatment, and the use of validated instruments for their assessment, follow-up and monitoring. The absence of well-designed studies means that the recommendations for the approach to the IAD are based on expert opinion and best practices available. The bases of the prevention and treatment of the IAD are the approach to incontinence and the application of a structured program or protocol of skin care that includes gentle cleansing, the application of barrier products and the use of topical moisturizing agents. The present article tries to collect the current state of knowledge about the fundamental aspects of the IAD and its implication for nursing practice

HELCOS. Sistema integrado para el manejo de heridas: A propósito de un caso / HELCOS. Integrated system for the handling of wounds: about a case

El uso de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación es cada vez más extendido en las prácticas de salud-enfermedad y, por ende, también en el cuidado de las heridas. Son muchas las aplicaciones que se han desarrollado en este sentido pero pocas se han evaluado respecto a su utilidad. En este artículo se presenta, a modo de caso, HELCOS, sistema integrado para el manejo de heridas y los resultados obtenidos hasta ahora

The use of information and communication technologies is increasingly widespread in health-disease practices and, therefore, also in wound care area. There are many applications that have been developed in this regard but few have been evaluated regarding their usefulness. In this article we present, as a case, HELCOS, an integrated system for the management of wounds and the results obtained so far

Pressure ulcers' incidence, preventive measures, and risk factors in neonatal intensive care and intermediate care units.

Epidemiological studies on pressure ulcers (PUs) in hospitalised infants are scarce. Spain lacks comprehensive research studies providing data on the prevalence or incidence in this population. This work was developed to determine the incidence of PUs in hospitalised infants admitted to intensive and intermediate care units, along with relevant risk factors and preventive measures. A prospective study appraising the incidence of PUs in infants was performed. The risk factors and preventive measures were evaluated using a multivariate logistic regression model. A sample of 268 infants was included. The cumulative incidence of PUs was 12.70% (95% confidence interval, CI95% = [8.95%-17.28%]). The cumulative incidence in the intermediate care units was 1.90% (CI95% = [0.39%-5.45%]), while it was 28.18% (CI95% = [20.02%-37.56%]) in the intensive care units. The PUs were categorised as stage I, 57.10%; stage II, 31.70%; and stage III, 11.10%. The multivariate analysis found the following to be risk factors: low scores in the Spanish version of the Neonatal Skin Risk Assessment Scale (e-NSRAS) (Relative Risk (RR) 0.80; CI95% = [0.66-0.97]), the use of non-invasive mechanical ventilation (RR 12.24; CI95% = [4.02-37.32]), and the length of stay (RR 1.08; CI95% = [1.02-1.15]), suggesting a direct impact of these factors on PU development in infants. Kangaroo care influenced the prevention of PUs (RR 0.26; CI95% = [0.09-0.71]). The infants admitted in intermediate care units suffered PUs. In the case of intensive care units, the incidence is even higher. The risk increases with the length of stay, while the presence of medical devices, particularly non-invasive mechanical ventilation, is the main causal relationship. Kangaroo care has been shown to be an important preventive measure.